Numpy Tobytes, tobytes() method, and from there, to convert it to an array, use the bytes built-in.


  • Numpy Tobytes, The data Simple showcase to zero-copy convert fortran ordered numpy array to raw bytes. Indeed, two Numpy arrays can reference the same memory buffer while having different object ID. char. array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) # Convert to Working with Data Types. Construct Python bytes containing the raw data bytes in the array. tobytes # method record. tobytes # 方法 ndarray。tobytes ( order = 'C' ) # 构造包含数组中原始数据字节的 Python 字节。 构造显示数据内存原始内容副本的 Python 字节。默认情况下，bytes 对象是按 C 顺序生成的 numpy. tobytes ¶ method matrix. Among its array of functionalities, the If “” (empty), a binary file is written, equivalent to file. It often happens that the memory that you want to view I'd like to save the contents of a numpy float array into a raw binary file as signed 16 bit integers. tobytes() and numpy. tostring # method ndarray. data[0:1] of the memoryview A. tobytes() 函数将 numpy 数组转换为字节。 如何将它从这个字节数组解码回 numpy 数组？我这样尝试形状为 (28,28) 的数组 i >>k=i. It will copy the raw data of the numpy array into a bytes object. Byte-swapping # Introduction to byte ordering and ndarrays # The ndarray is an object that provides a python array interface to data in memory. Reproducing code example: If there's only large int in array, it's OK, both the tobytes output and new_dat Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data memory. tobytes() 是 NumPy N维数组（ndarray） 对象的一个方法，它的主要功能是将 数组的内容（ numpy. The bytes object can be produced in either ‘C’ or ‘Fortran’, or ‘Any’ order (the default is ‘C’-order). Through the four examples provided, we’ve seen its flexibility in handling different data types, memory layouts, and applications across data serialization tasks. 물론 numpy가 아니여도 관련해서 바이너리를 읽고 쓸수 있지만, 이번에는 numpy를 이용하도록 In the world of data analysis and manipulation, NumPy stands out as a fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. astype # method ndarray. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data This is documentation for an old release of NumPy (version 1. On the other hand if you choose the numpy. tostring ¶ ndarray. Search for this page in the documentation of the latest stable release (version > 1. tobytes(order='C') # 构造包含数组原始数据字节的 Python 字节串。 构造一个 Python 字节串，其中包含数据内存原始内容的副本。默认情况下，字节串对象以 C 顺序生 How about this numpy version? It didn't exist in older versions if numpy: numpy/numpy#6163 numpy. tobytes () method on torch. frombuffer() function is an essential tool in NumPy, a fundamental package for scientific computing in Python. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data This code demonstrates how to convert Python bytes to a NumPy array of unsigned 8-bit integers. bin`として保存しています。 応用例 応用例1: バイナリデータのフィルタリング バイナ I need to be able to store a numpy array in a dict for caching purposes. ndarray A, for which I do a slice A. container. tobytes () 函数构建包含数组中原始数据字节的Python字节。 语法: numpy. This function allows you to create a NumPy array from Advanced NumPy # Author: Pauli Virtanen NumPy is at the base of Python’s scientific stack of tools. packbits(a, /, axis=None, bitorder='big') # Packs the elements of a binary-valued array into bits in a uint8 array. But if the array is explicitly made contiguous, the I tried various methods to do data compression when saving to disk some numpy arrays. ndarray(shape, dtype=float, buffer=None, offset=0, strides=None, order=None) [source] # An array object represents a multidimensional, homogeneous array of fixed ndarray. tobytes(order='C') # 构建包含数组原始数据字节的 Python bytes 对象。 构建一个显示数据内存原始内容副本的 Python bytes 对象。默认情况下，bytes 对象以 C 顺 numpy. tobytes () numpy. tobytes, from Bytes to numpy. frombuffer() (instead Is it possible to define byte order when converting a numpy array to binary string (with tobytes())? I would want to force little endianness, but I don't want byte-swapping if it is not necessary. These 1D arrays contain sampled data at a certain sampling rate (can be sound recorded with a microphone, frombuffer () Argument The frombuffer() method takes the following arguments: buffer - the buffer to read (buffer_like) dtype (optional)- type of output array (dtype) count (optional)- number of items to read numpy. tostring (order='C') ¶ Construct Python bytes containing the raw data bytes in the array. ndarray # class numpy. But often, what we have got is image in OpenCV (Numpy ndarray) or PIL Image Does this tobytes implementation also work for non-contiguous tensors? bytes (self. Parameters: Python Numpy ndarray. Similarly str(X[0, 0]) returns string "b'somestring'". Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data The right tools for manipulating individual, native Python scalars are usually not the right tools for manipulating NumPy arrays. Despite its name, it returns bytes not str s. 배열의 모양 (shape)이나 데이터 타입 Array types and conversions between types # NumPy supports a much greater variety of numerical types than Python does. dtype. nbytes # attribute ndarray. tobytes() method is invaluable for anyone looking to serialize NumPy array data efficiently. tobytes?numpy, #16805 Работа с многомерными массивами: порядок строк (row-major) и столбцов (column-major) Для многомерных массивов важен Create a matrix (2-Dimensional) using the matrix () function of numpy module by passing some random 2D matrix as an argument to it and store it in a variable Apply tobytes () function on the given matrix 社区首页 > 问答首页 > 如何使用Numpy . This process 5 What's the inverse to numpy. tobytes ¶ method ndarray. tobytes. 您可以使用 . __copy__ () ですか。これ、地味ですけど、油断してると「あれ？なんで元 What don't you understand about the tobytes docs? "a copy of the raw contents of data memory". tobytes ¶ method recarray. Reading text and CSV files # With no missing values # Use numpy. The only question is what format the image is in. tobytes ()序列化对象 问 如何使用Numpy . The data produced Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data memory. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data memory. The main purpose of a memoryview is to allow you to numpy. tobytes # 方法 ndarray. I have a numpy array of str that I woud like to convert, as it is, to a bytes string. tobytes() [source] # Scalars # Python defines only one type of a particular data class (there is only one integer type, one floating-point type, etc. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data memory. import numpy as np # Create a basic array arr = np. tostring(order='C') # A compatibility alias for tobytes, with exactly the same behavior. tobytes() function construct Python bytes containing the raw data bytes in the array. tostring ()' method. New in numpy. tobytes(/, order='C') # Scalar method identical to ndarray. When storing/retrieving vectors arrays just use the methods array. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw In NumPy, I can get the size (in bytes) of a particular data type by: Problem Formulation: When working with audio data in Python, it is common to encounter the need to convert NumPy arrays representing audio sepstr Separator between array items for text output. This can be convenient in applications numpy. The ndarray. It tells you the total number of bytes consumed by the elements What is the opposite function of tobytes ()? Asked 4 years, 6 months ago Modified 4 years, 6 months ago Viewed 859 times In this article, you’ll learn how to use NumPy, a fast and powerful library in Python for working with audio signals. Record arrays allow the fields to be accessed as members of the array, using arr. tobytes # method recarray. On the server-side when you convert the data, convert the numpy data to a string using the '. tobytes # method memmap. Introduction to byte ordering and ndarrays ¶ The ndarray is an object that provide a python array interface to data in memory. By specifying dtype=np. tobytes () directly on a numpy array of (1, 512). L'objet bytes est produit dans l'ordre C par défaut. The number of dimensions and items in an array is defined by its numpy. How to use Numpy . numpy. a 라는 배열이 이렇게 있었다고 Construit les octets Python affichant une copie du contenu brut de la mémoire de données. ‘Any’ order means C-order python numpy tobytes 使用， 本篇内容Python介绍安装第一个程序（hello，world）变量用户输入（input）数据类型数据运算if判断break和continue的区别 while循环 一、Python介绍Python I understand that n is either an int or a long, but neither has a method called to_bytes, so I don't really understand how this code could have ever worked? Does anybody know what's wrong here? Am I Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data memory. tobytes ¶ ndarray. ndarray. This section shows which are available, and how to modify an array’s data Array types and conversions between types # NumPy supports a much greater variety of numerical types than Python does. tobytes()。作为一名痴迷于数据处理的编程极客，我发现这个函数在某些场景下简直就是救命稻草。让我们一起来揭 Numpy's tobytes (~) method returns the byte representation of the source array as a string. tobytes ()는 NumPy 배열 (ndarray)이 메모리에 저장된 순수한 데이터 바이트 (raw data bytes)를 그대로 복사하여 bytes 객체로 반환해 줍니다. If your main goal is to Indeed, two Numpy arrays can reference the same memory buffer while having different object ID. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data 文章浏览阅读1. tobytes () is fast and direct, there are a few other ways to convert a NumPy array for specific purposes. tobytes 먼저 numpy array에서 bytes (raw contents)로 변환시켜주는 함수를 알아보자. tobytes (order='C') ¶ Construct Python bytes containing the raw data bytes in the array. The bytes object is produced in C-order by default. tobytes 方法。 I have a long Hex string that represents a series of values of different types. import numpy as np # Create an array with a different data type arr_float Changing Memory Layout. ndarray' object has no attribute 'tobytes' #6163 Closed stray-leone opened on Aug 5, 2015 numpy. loadtxt. Understanding how it Что такое numpy. lib. It often happens that the memory that you want to view Swapping Axes of Arrays in NumPy Byte swapping is a process used to convert data between different byte orders, also known as endianness. open on just pixel data, it can't determine the The task of converting an integer to bytes in Python involves representing a numerical value in its binary form for storage, transmission, or See also ndarray. format : str Format string for text file output. Why are the dimensions of the array not preserved using numpy serialisation? The method tobytes() isn't a zero-copy method. chararray. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw 4. Reading and writing files # This page tackles common applications; for the full collection of I/O routines, see Input and output. Syntax : numpy. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data This is a slightly improvised answer to answer using XML-RPC. memmap. Why do the resulting byte 大家好！今天我们来深入探讨一个在NumPy中非常实用但可能被忽视的函数——ndarray. tobytes ()). view (torch. tobytes() ¶ Proposed new feature or change: Hi, I noticed that for large array sizes, tobytes operation took much more time if the data is not contiguous. uint8, the frombuffer function correctly interprets the buffer contents Times reported are 16 seconds for tofile, 39 seconds for tobyte and 34 for write. record. How to convert cv2 image (numpy) to binary string for writing to MySQL db without a temporary file and imwrite? I googled it but found nothing I'm trying numpy. I tried to accomplish this using ndarray. The array is filled with a fill I'm working with PyOpenCV. However I need to print or sepstr Separator between array items for text output. tobytes() ctrl + c 55 You simply need to encode the array in the same format as the image, and then use tobytes() if you want it in the same format. byteswap(inplace=False) # Swap the bytes of the array elements Toggle between low-endian and big-endian data representation by returning a But the conversion from the numpy array which holds my points to the byte data I insert into the message takes almost 2 seconds for every single frame. astype(dtype, order='K', casting='unsafe', subok=True, copy=True) # Copy of the array, cast to a specified type. tofile(fid, /, sep='', format='%s') # Write array to a file as text or binary (default). frombuffer() (instead Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data memory. recarray. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw 🚀 Feature Support . tobytes(order='C') Construct Python bytes containing the raw data bytes in the array. How can I take a binary string of the proper size and deserialize it given In the sample code, a list of mixed python objects ([1, [2]]) is first converted to a numpy array, and then transformed to a byte sequence using tobytes(). tobytes # method chararray. Through the four examples provided, we’ve seen its flexibility in handling different The most efficient and primary way to convert an input numpy array to Python bytes is to use the numpy. tobytes () method. I have a numpy. Any ideas on why they should be so different? Especially the two Numpy cases; the docs say that numpy. Each entry in the array is formatted numpy. Audio processing simply means numpy. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data 字节序 # 字节序和 ndarray 的简介 # ndarray 对象提供了一个 Python 数组接口，用于访问内存中的数据。 您想用数组查看的内存的字节序，通常与您正在运行 Python 的计算机的字节序不同。 例如，我 Introduction # Sometimes, we may want an in-memory jpg or png image that is represented as binary data. tobytes # method matrix. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw This method is super useful for converting a NumPy array into a raw byte string, which is perfect for tasks like data transmission, saving to a binary Numpy’s bytes format can be considerably faster than other formats to deserialize. tobytes? Here A is a 4-byte structured array, and tobytes lets me serialize it in binary form. byteswap # method ndarray. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data Your All-in-One Learning Portal: GeeksforGeeks is a comprehensive educational platform that empowers learners across domains-spanning computer science and programming, numpy. OP? I'm really new in python. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data 本文介绍了在numpy中进行数据类型转换时遇到的问题，特别是从numpy数组转换为bytes，然后再转换回来时，维度发生变化的原因。 关键在于原始数据类型为float16，而默认转换 Why numpy tobytes () method return not only hex digits, but also additional characters? Asked 5 years, 6 months ago Modified 5 years, 6 months ago Viewed 517 times Pixmap. In python, buffers allow access to inner raw data value (this is called NumPy is optimized for performance, allowing for effective handling of large datasets through efficient memory management. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data . If “” (empty), a binary file is written, equivalent to file. write(a. This section shows which are available, and how to modify an array’s data numpy. If you want a NumPy solution, I recommend specifically asking numpy. ‘Any’ order means C-order NumPy配列をByte列に変換する こんなことやらなくても、TF2のデフォルトとなったEagerテンソルだと特に問題ないのです。しかし、TF1系列のときに作ら The N-dimensional array (ndarray) # An ndarray is a (usually fixed-size) multidimensional container of items of the same type and size. tobytesは配列のデータをbytes型にして返却する関数です。この関数の使い方を簡単な例を示して説明します。 Introduction to byte ordering and ndarrays ¶ The ndarray is an object that provide a python array interface to data in memory. tobytes() method, and from there, to convert it to an array, use the bytes built-in. python-numpy Convert Numpy array to bytes bts = a. tobytes # method ndarray. uint8)) should work for non-contig as well, as it reallocates automatically if needed (but Overview The numpy. The result is padded to full bytes by inserting zero bits at the @GPPK "byte image to numpy array using opencv" seems reasonably clear to me. tofile # method ndarray. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data I want to upload a numpy array to S3 using the boto3 package which expects a bytes object. generic. tobytes() — это метод в NumPy, который превращает твой массив в «сырые» байты (строку Python bytes). byteorder # A character indicating the byte-order of this data-type object. It's super useful for working with The code creates an array of type ‘d’ (double precision float), casts it to bytes using the tobytes method, and returns the bytes representation of 3. tobytes Inverse of this operation, construct Python bytes from the raw data bytes in the array. Question: Does this slice is a memoryview to one 在上述示例中，tobytes（）方法将二维数组转换为一维字节流，每个元素都转换为字节串，并将其连接在一起。您可以将字节流写入文件，将其存储在数据库中或在需要时将其发送到其他应用程序。 这种 I have a numpy array X with dtype 'S' (numpy. frombuffer(k)==i False 也尝试 Numpy string arrays - Strange behavior calling tobytes () on numpy string array Asked 4 years, 1 month ago Modified 4 years, 1 month ago Viewed 534 times numpy. tofile() method enables efficient and direct saving of array data to disk. Image method . tofile(fid, sep="", format="%s") ¶ Write array to a file as text or binary (default). tobytes() returns the pixel data of an image, not a fully encoded image. Image. Parameters: Array types and conversions between types # NumPy supports a much greater variety of numerical types than Python does. tobytes ()序列化对象 EN Stack Overflow用户 提问于 2018-09-04 08:17:09 numpy. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw numpy数组转换为BytesIO的方法 使用io. tobytes ()函数 在numpy中，数组可以有一个包含字段的数据类型，类似于电子表格中的列。一个例子是 [ (a, int), (b, float)] ，其中数组中的每个条目是一对 (int, float)。通常情况下， numpy array with large (but valid) uint64 value inside may cause incorrect tobytes output. - Clouder0/fortran-numpy-tobytes Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data memory. bytes_). Ce comportement est contrôlé par le paramètre order . Once the array is converted to a byte numpy. 17). ndarray #1208 Answered by JorjMcKie p1-dta asked this question in Looking for help edited Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data memory. tobytes() >>np. 2k次。本文介绍了如何使用Numpy将数组转换为字符串以及如何通过frombuffer函数从字符串中读取数据。文中详细解释了tobytes和frombuffer方法的使用，并展示了如 Byte-swapping # Introduction to byte ordering and ndarrays # The ndarray is an object that provides a python array interface to data in memory. user_array. write (a. ‘Any’ order means C-order numpy. tobytes () to serialize objects Ask Question Asked 7 years, 7 months ago Modified 7 years, 7 months ago numpy. Hash speed is important. str_ dtype (U character code), null-terminated byte sequences via numpy tobytes () creates a raw copy of your array. ‘Any’ order means C-order Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data memory. Each entry in the array Consult the NumPy Documentation The official NumPy documentation provides detailed information on byteswap () and can be a valuable resource for resolving issues. The most efficient and primary way to convert an input numpy array to Python bytes is to use the numpy. 0). In your Python NumPy的 tobytes() 方法解析 在数据科学和机器学习领域，Python的NumPy库被广泛使用。NumPy提供了一个高效的多维数组对象和多种处理这些数组的工具。其中， tobytes() 方 AttributeError: 'numpy. Это полезно 文章浏览阅读2w次，点赞7次，收藏20次。本文详细介绍了如何将图片的numpy array数据正确转换为等价于直接读取文件的bytes数据。通过对比不同方法，强调了在转换前对图片数据进行相应格式编码 numpy. 14. formatstr Format string for text file output. The It is because the PIL. This behavior is controlled by the order parameter. nbytes # Total bytes consumed by the elements of the array. tobytes(fill_value=None, order='C') [source] # Return the array data as a string containing the raw bytes in the array. The array represents indicies, so while the actual identity of the object is not important, the Data Types for Strings and Bytes # In addition to numerical types, NumPy also supports storing unicode strings, via the numpy. In fact, this is quite frequent when using the reshape function or Numpy views. tobytes # method ma. I need to convert this Hex String into bytes or bytearray so that I can extract each value Hey there! numpy. tobytes(order=’C’) 参数 : order : [ {‘C’, ‘F’, None}, optional] 多维 numpy. 在Python中，可以使用 array 模块或 numpy 库将数组转换为字节流。 对于 array 模块，可以使用 tobytes() 方法，而对于 numpy 数组，可以使用 tobytes() 或 save() 方法将数组转换为字 Introduction NumPy’s ndarray. tobytes() method converts a NumPy array into a bytes object, containing its raw binary representation. One of: I have some confusion somewhere about these three. packbits # numpy. tofile but I can't figure out the right format string numpy. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data numpy. Syntax and examples are covered in numpy. This capability is crucial for data persistence, enabling the handling and sharing of large The . ndarray 转 bytes 假设你有一个 NumPy 数组，你想将其转换为二进制数据（bytes）。 可以使用 numpy. The tobytes() method is designed to return the raw data of the array as a Problem statement Suppose that we are given a numpy array and we are converting it into a byte array. This section shows which are available, and how to modify an array’s data First off, recarray is a special NumPy array that lets you access fields by name, like my_recarray['field_name']. Parameters: dtypestr or dtype Typecode or Python Numpy recarray. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw 我会使用友好且清晰的简体中文为您讲解。ndarray. tobytes # 方法 matrix. What are some real エンジニアの精神衛生を守るNumPy講座：copy () の挙動と深いコピーの使い分け さて、NumPyの ndarray. ). BytesIO ()创建一个BytesIO对象，然后使用numpy提供的tofile ()方法，将Numpy数组写入到BytesIO对象中。在写入过程中，使用byteswap ()方法可以将数据类型 numpy. tobytes ¶ method generic. The numpy. Its purpose to implement efficient operations on many items in a block of memory. tobytes (order='C') Parameters : order : [ {‘C’, ‘F’, None}, optional] The ndarray. 2 numpy. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data If you handle NumPy arrays in anything beyond notebooks—networking, storage, interoperability with C/C++ or Rust, GPU uploads, hashing, or caching—you’ll eventually need numpy. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data Array types and conversions between types # NumPy supports a much greater variety of numerical types than Python does. This is useful for serialization, file If you handle NumPy arrays in anything beyond notebooks—networking, storage, interoperability with C/C++ or Rust, GPU uploads, hashing, or caching—you’ll eventually need While ndarray. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data The numpy. Array types and conversions between types # NumPy supports a much greater variety of numerical types than Python does. 13. tobytes # method lib. So interpreting that result requires understanding how the array stores it's data. import numpy as np # Create a two-dimensional array arr_2d = Saving and Loading Bytes. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data The task requires using NumPy's "tobytes ()" method to serialize the array into a bytes object and the "frombuffer ()" method to deserialize the bytes back into an array. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw numpy. import numpy as np import os # Create an array and convert to bytes The numpy. 이번 포스팅은 바이너리를 일고 쓰는 방법들에 대해서 이야기를 드리고자 합니다. In computing, different systems might use different byte python tobytes函数范例，#Python中的`tobytes ()`函数使用详解`tobytes ()`函数是Python中一项非常实用的方法，用于将对象转换为字节序列。这在处理数据、文件存储或网络传输时尤其常用 Reading and writing files # This page tackles common applications; for the full collection of I/O routines, see Input and output. tobytes ()`メソッドを用いて、NumPy配列をバイナリデータに変換し、それを`output. tobytes # method char. tobytes()). Tensor Motivation If I need to extract the raw bytes from a Tensor, I need to convert to numpy first and Pythonでtobytesを使用してバイト化した値をuintに変換した際の挙動について質問しています。 numpy. This behaviour doesn't happen if I use np. This encodes numpy. tobytes method ndarray. nbytes attribute is a simple but very useful property of a NumPy array. Each entry in the array is formatted to text by first converting it to the closest Python type, NumPy 字节交换 在几乎所有的机器上，多字节对象都被存储为连续的字节序列。字节顺序，是跨越多字节的程序对象的存储规则。 大端模式：指数据的高字节保 numpy. The Problem Formulation: Python’s bytes objects are often used to store binary data, and when working with numerical data, it’s common to need to Byte-swapping # Introduction to byte ordering and ndarrays # The ndarray is an object that provide a python array interface to data in memory. This section shows which are available, and how to modify an array’s data `numpy_array. The array is filled with a fill numpy. MaskedArray. This Basic Usage. tobytes(order='C') # Construct Python bytes containing the raw data bytes in the array. ma. a and arr. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw See also ndarray. tofile ¶ ndarray. Here is my code, the culprit is the ndarray. For example printing print(X[0, 0]) yields b'somestring'. Data is always written in ‘C’ order, independent of the order of a. tobytes(order='C') ¶ Construct Python bytes containing the raw data bytes in the array. data. b. When you try to use Image. matrix. 10 I think you can simply call the PIL image's . byteorder # attribute dtype. tobytes (order='C') Parameters : order : [ {‘C’, ‘F’, None}, optional] Numpy’s bytes format can be considerably faster than other formats to deserialize. frombuffer () is a fantastic tool in NumPy for creating an array from an existing data buffer. I want to convert this numpy array to bytes but without any copying due to memory numpy. tobytes() method on a memoryview object simply returns a new bytes object containing the data from the memory view. flatten (). When dtype='O' your array does not contain values, but references to objects outside the array. tobytes () function construct Python bytes containing the raw data bytes in the numpy. Create Simple Test Cases numpy. It often happens that the memory that you want to view numpy. tobytes() method. Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of data The ndarray. 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